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夏春：美国增加关税带来全球贸易碎片化，最坏损失相当于日德GDP之和_我的网站

破晓之爱

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周二拜登宣布向180亿美元中国商品，包括电动汽车、半导体、太阳能和电池，加征关税。 New York-traded West Texas Intermediate (WTI) settled down 97 cents, or almost 1%, at $98.53. The intraday low was $95.17, a bottom not seen since the week ended April 8. In just two sessions, the US crude benchmark had lost almost $15 or 14%.,Citigroup says WTI could collapse to $65 a barrel by the end of this year and slump to $45 by end-2023 if a demand-crippling recession hits.,London-traded Brent crude, settled at $100.69, down $2.08 or 2.02%. Earlier, it broke below the $100 mark the first time since April 25, hitting a session low of $98.59. Like WTI, Brent has also lost almost $15, or 13%, over two days of trading.,West May Use Proposed Russian Oil Price Cap Scheme for Gas Price, Von Der Leyen SaysYesterday, 12:20 GMT,A cluster of economic data of late has suggested that the United States may be headed for an economic slowdown - possibly a recession - as the Federal Reserve embarks on the most aggressive rate hikes in a generation to tame inflation roaring at 40-year highs.,A closely-watched gauge of the US services sector fell to its lowest in 20 months in June.,Separately, the US Labor Department signaled that the red-hot labor market may be starting to cool. Job openings, as measured by its monthly survey, fell in May, to a level of 11.254 million that is still high by historical comparison.,The job openings data came ahead of Friday’s more important June non-farm payrolls report, which is expected to show a smaller jobs growth compared with May. Economists say some 268,000 payrolls were probably added last month - versus the 390,000 in May - holding unemployment at 3.6% for a third straight month. A jobless rate of 4% or below is seen by the Federal Reserve as full employment.,“While our view remains that higher consumer prices are required to balance the oil market this summer, we acknowledge that significant and large shocks continue to distort fundamentals,” Goldman Sachs said in an energy market outlook.,Blockage of Russian Bond Payments to Erode Dollar Dominance, French Economist Says27 June, 15:29 GMT,A rocketing dollar ahead of more rate hikes by the Federal Reserve, or Fed, has also shaken the roots of the energy rally seen since the start of the Russia-Ukraine conflict in February and the resulting sanctions on Moscow.,The Dollar Index, which pits the greenback against six major currencies, continued its ascent from overnight, leaping to above 107, its highest since December 2002. The dollar has rallied with few stops since November last year on bets of aggressive rate hikes by the Federal Reserve, or Fed, which has just started delivering on those expectations.,The drone of recession talk is expected to get louder across the United States after the Atlanta division of the Federal Reserve forecast last week a second straight quarter of economic decline for the year. The Commerce Department officially reported a 1.6% economic contraction in the first quarter.,The Federal Reserve, in minutes of its June policy meeting released on Wednesday, said it saw a real danger of high inflation becoming entrenched in the US economy and the only way to balance runaway prices with growth was to have appropriate interest rate hikes.,The central bank is expected to push ahead with another three-quarter percentage point interest rates hike this month, potentially taking key lending rates to between 2.25% and 2.5% range from the 0 - 0.25% range they stood at in February.。

经过测算，这些关税大约会使得美国的通胀同比增长一个基点，也就是0.01个百分点，对GDP的拖累也同样是一个基点，都可以忽略不计。

B | 因为4月通胀下行，市场预期9月降息，美股创出新高。影响不大的主要原因就是之前对中国电动汽车征收的25%的关税，使得原本中国对美国出口就很少。去年中国向美国出口了大约3.7亿美元的电动车，欧盟向美国出口了近 75 亿美元。中国仅占美国进口电动汽车的2%。德国、韩国和日本的占比分别为22%、21%和18%。采取加征关税减少竞争的方法来保护电动汽车，只会让美国汽车制造商进步缓慢。

C | 而且美国现在严重依赖中国生产的电池，加征关税只会使得整车成本更贵，美国想买电动车的老百姓就只能支付更高价格了。在海外市场，中国电动车都可以凭借价格和技术取胜。美国车将一步步被边缘化，美国新能源产业会越来越落后。2020年大选，拜登猛烈抨击特朗普向中国3000亿美元进口商品的征税，严重伤害了美国，因为95%以上的关税都是由美国企业和家庭承担的。但拜登上任后，继承了这些关税，目的就是遏制中国的发展。而这一次加税主要目的是讨好摇摆州的选民。最新民调显示拜登在六个摇摆州的五个都落后特朗普。但是特朗普上台后，大概率会向所有国家加征关税，而且主要是针对中国。这几年贸易战打下来，美国经济学家都一致反对，新研究显示过去中美贸易顺畅时，美国家庭和企业都直接受惠，贸易战让大家直接受伤。

D | 即使是过去声称中国商品造成美国制造业工人失业的经济学家，也完全改变了态度。

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拜登加征关税的行为，也引来了IMF发言人Julie Kozack的批评。她表示，美国针对中国的贸易限制措施可能会扭曲贸易和投资，使得供应链碎片化并引发报复行动。她说：“这种碎片化可能会让全球经济付出高昂的代价。”IMF确定2023年全球贸易限制约为3000项，高于2019年的1000项，在地缘政治集团严重分裂的最坏情况下，这可能会使全球经济产出减少约7%，相当于减少了日本和德国GDP的总和。

“关于关税，我们的观点是，美国最好保持其开放的贸易政策，这对其经济表现至关重要，”Kozack说，“我们还鼓励美国和中国共同努力，找到一个解决方案，解决加剧两国贸易紧张局势的根本问题。”

现在为拜登或者特朗普欢呼的选民，将来都会发现，是他们自己葬送了美国的就业和发展机会！

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